Moon

The Moon **☽** 


 * Questions: **

The volume of the moon is 1.08321x10^12, and the volume of the earth is 2.1958x10^10, so by dividing the moon's volume over the earth's volume, we get 49.33 moons in the earth, and that's in terms of if solid shapes of the moon and the earth are turned into liquid or something similar, that we can fill it on the shape of the earth
 * Question 1. How many moons would fill the earth? **

In the moon, there are holes caused by the meteors that hit the surface of the moon due to the lack of the air hemisphere. On the moons' surface, the craters that have a diameter more than 1 km are approximately 300,000. Other craters that are smaller cannot really be counted, they are millions. The count for the 300 craters was approximated, by the scopes from the earth and by the satellites.
 * Question 2. How many craters are there in the moon **

Yes. The furthest distance is known as apogee, and the closest distance, on its monthly journey around the earth, is perigee. In addition, the moon is receding from the earth due to tidal friction, at a rate of about 0.85 inches per year.
 * Question 3. Does the distance between the moon and earth change over time? **


 * Quotes: **

Explanation: Reuben meant by saying "neither physical nor mental" was that it's not only physical or mental, he wanted the emphasis to be on the word "social", because that's what he wanted to say. So the meaning is that mathematics are not only used in physics or only to study, it's also used for expressing things in life and society. So the math can be used for interpreting something we always see, for an example, we use mathematics to explain why we see the moon from one side only, so we can say that the moon orbits around itself in some speed, where it is the same speed as it finishes its round around the world. So, we used math to explain a fact that we see everyday in our life, which is not related to physics if we took it from the non mental way.
 * Quote 1: "Mathematics is neither physical nor mental, it's social." Reuben Hersh**.

The author meant by saying "a civilized man" is a wholly knowledgeable man that can benefit himself and his society with his knowledge, so he didn't mean that any other man is not civilized. So, this knowledgeable man, in the author's point of view, is the man who knows the math and able to interact with it and explain it and know everything it means. He is meaning that by saying that the man weeps and gets involved when seeing a column of numbers, which is the very basic math. So, he's calling people to be more involved in math, because it's the most important thing in life.
 * Quote 2:** **"The mark of a civilized man is the ability to look at a column of numbers and weep." Berterand Russell.**

The quote basically mean that mathematics is all about theories and making assumptions and prove them. So, when someone is a mathematician, then he should make a theory for everything This means math is not only for physical and mental things, which means it's similar to the first quote, and it says that by saying that math explains everything and making it as a math theory, so the example used was turning the coffee into theories, which means explaining it and interpreting it in a mathematical way, and that applies for everything else.
 * Quote 3: "A mathematician is a machine for turning coffee into theorems." Paul Erdos**.

The moon presentation : (Osama, Ashraf, Dana, Meghan)






 * Definitions**:


 * Axis**: an imaginary line about which a body rotates.


 * Ellipse**: a regular oval shape.


 * Eclipse**: an obscuring of the light from one celestial body by the passage of another between it and the observer or between it and its source of illumination.


 * Orbit**: the curved path of a celestial object or spacecraft around a star, planet, or moon, esp. a periodic elliptical revolution.


 * Spin**: a rapid turning or whirling motion.


 * Rotation**: the action of rotating around an axis or center.


 * Luminosity**: the intrinsic brightness of a celestial object.


 * Escape velocity**: the lowest velocity that a body must have in order to escape the gravitational attraction of a particular planet or other object.


 * Writing:**

1. Why are there many more craters in the moon than on earth? This is due to the lack of the atmosphere of the moon. When the meteors enter the atmosphere of the earth, it burns due to the speed and the friction with the air, except the big ones, which hit the earth as small bodies because of the friction too. In the moon, there is no atmosphere, so when meteors come, they hit the moon with their full speed power, which causes the craters.

2. About how far away is the moon from us? About how many times would you have to walk around the earth at the equator to walk that same distance? The moon is 384,405 km far away from the earth. The distance of the equator of the earth is 40,075 km, so any human needs to walk around the earth 9.6 times to walk the same distance from the earth to the moon.

3. About how far away is the sun from us? About 150 million kilometers.

4. What is special about December 21 and June 21 in a 12-month calendar, and how do these relate to the tilt of our planet? December 21 is the first day of the winter on the northern hemisphere and the first day of the summer on the southern hemisphere, and that due to the fulcrum of the sunlight on the tropic Capricorn. June 21 is the opposite day; it’s the first day of summer on the northern hemisphere, and the first day of winter on the southern one, and that’s because the sunlight points on the tropic of Cancer.

5. What is the moon made of, roughly, and how old is it? The moon is basically made of rocks and soil. It’s about 3.8 and 4.1 billion years old.

6. Give two different theories of how the moon was created and explain which one you believe in. · A Mars-sized body hit the nearly formed proto-Earth, blasting material into orbit around the proto-Earth, which accreted to form the Moon.

· Fission of the Moon from the Earth's crust through centrifugal forces.

I agree and believe in the first one, because there must be a big force that hits the earth and makes the flying parts unite together to form the moon, so the second one might be wrong that the force was from the centrifugal forces, because there is doubt in this theory, and it’s level of validity, and the force of hitting the earth is bigger.

7. Use different forms of the root word, ‘lun’ in three different sentences. Explain the meaning.

· Rally drivers have //lunacy,// shown by the way they drive. Lunacy: being insane and out of control.

· // Luna // started in 1959, and ended in 1976. Luna: a series of soviet moon probes and experiments.

· Today is the first day of the second //lunation// in this year. Lunation: a name of a lunar month.